Tuesday, March 13, 2012
Monday, March 12, 2012
Infinitives and Gerunds
Bolinger Principle
Infinitives expresses something “hypothetical, future, unfulfilled”.
*want and hope
Ex. I want to go there.
Gerunds expresses something “real, vivid, fulfilled”.
*enjoy and avoid
Ex. Max enjoys swimming.
Bolinger’s principle also explains the frequent difference in meaning.
Ex. I remember locking the door.
I remembered to lock the door.
Infinitive of purpose- is a reduced adverbial clause added to structurally complete clause. It provides additional information that answers the questions “Why?” or “For what purpose?”
Ex. Jane has gone on a diet in order to lose weight.
Factive Verbs and Adjectives
Paul and Carol Kiparsky (1970) use categories factive and nonfactive.
| | Take subject complements | Take object complements |
| Factive predicates | Be significant Be odd Make sense | Regret Appreciate Avoid |
| Nonfactive | Be sure Be likely Turn out | Suppose Claim believe |
Semantically, factive and nonfactive predicates can be distinguish by examining the presupposition associated with the complement.
Predicate of the main clause is factive if the presupposition remains constant regardless of whether the predicate of the main clause affirms, negates, or questions the complement clause.
e.g.:
John regrets .John doesn’t regret that he told you a lie ?
Does John regret
Complements of nonfactive predicates undergo predictable changes in the presupposition depending on whether the predicate of the main clause affirms, negates, or questions the complement.
e.g.:
John claims .John doesn’t claim that he told you a lie ?
Does john claim
Kiparsky’s semantic distinction ties in nicely with the use of infinitives and gerunds: in most cases, the complements of factive predicates must be reduced to gerunds or to possessive inflections plus gerunds (e.g., John’s doing that annoyed me), while the complements of nonfactive predicates must be reduced to infinitives, e.g.:
Factive:
that he told you a lieJohn regrets telling you that lie .
Nonfactive:
that he told you a lieJohn claims to have told you that lie .
Formal Letter
New Era University
College of Education
No. 9 Central Ave. New Era,
Quezon City
February 2, 2012
Dr. Agapito T. Lera
Principal
Judge Feliciano Belmonte Sr. High School
AFP Road Brgy. Holy Spirit
Quezon City
Dear Dr. Agapito T. Lera:
Greetings to you, the Faculty Members and Staff!
The bearers of this letter, Ma. Danica T. Bautista, Cristine A. Boco and Shermaine S. Villarin students in FSC 2-05 this second semester of the current academic year.
May we ask you a favor by allowing them to visit your school as needed and observe classes?
Thank you very much for your support and cooperation in the learning exposures of our students.
Yours truly,
(Signature)
Lucila B. Bondoc
Professor
Trends and Discipline in Classroom management by Paul Silli
1) BE consistent with your class rules. This means DON’T BLUFF if you are going to discipline or reward your students. Stand by your word and establish credibility!
2) BE firm, but fair. Firmness shows you care about your students; and often being fair deals with you treating ”all” of your students equally. For example, if you have a deadline for a project – stick to it (unless a student is sick). Teaching kids the importance of a deadline is a life skill they need to learn.
3) BE flexible with your lessons. Students need to know if you create an activity, and it is not turning out the way you expected, you will change the work to meet their best interest. In other words, do what is necessary to make things work. Your students will respect your decisions which will lead to positive behavior.
4) BE considerate to your students. Never argue or yell at them! Confrontations and class disruptions waste time and energy. Try to minimize outburst by reducing there importance. Students are very sensitive if you tease or argue with them –especially in front of their peers. If a class ”issue” occurs, separate the child and address him or her on a one-to-one basis. This will create a respectful, calm atmosphere.
5) BE organized with your class. Yes, organized! Often students (especially young ones) will take advantage of a situation if you are poorly prepared. It is just their nature. When students see that you have your act together — respect and good behavior will occur. Plan well, and stay on top of your game!
CORRESPONDENCE / FORMAL / BUSINESS LETTER
FORMAL LETTER
- Is a letter written to a business, a college, or
any professional.
BUSINESS LETTER
- Are formal letter used for business to
business, business to client , or client to
business correspondence.
PURPOSE OF BUSINESS LETTER
- To inform readers of information you want to
get across or possibly persuade the readers
to do something.
7 C’s of BUSINESS WRITING
1. CLEAR / CLARITY
2. CORRECTNESS
3. CONCISENESS
4. CONVERSATIONAL
5. CONVINCING
6. COURTEOUS
7. COMPLETE
PARTS OF A BUSINESS LETTER
1. HEADING (your address and date)
2. INSIDE ADDRESS (their address)
3. GREETING (use a COLON : , after the greeting)
4. BODY
5. CLOSING (use a COMMA , after the closing)
6. SIGNATURE
RULES FOR WRITING A FORMAL/BUSINESS LETTER
Addresses:
1) Your Address
The return address should be written in the top right-hand corner of the letter.
The return address should be written in the top right-hand corner of the letter.
2) The Address of the person you are writing to
The inside address should be written on the left, starting below your address.
The inside address should be written on the left, starting below your address.
Date:
Different people put the date on different sides of the page. You can write this on the right or the left on the line after the address you are writing to. Write the month as a word.
Salutation or greeting:
1) Dear Sir or Madam,
If you do not know the name of the person you are writing to, use this. It is always advisable to try to find out a name.
If you do not know the name of the person you are writing to, use this. It is always advisable to try to find out a name.
2) Dear Mr Jenkins,
If you know the name, use the title (Mr, Mrs, Miss or Ms, Dr, etc.) and the surname only. If you are writing to a woman and do not know if she uses Mrs or Miss, you can use Ms, which is for married and single women.
If you know the name, use the title (Mr, Mrs, Miss or Ms, Dr, etc.) and the surname only. If you are writing to a woman and do not know if she uses Mrs or Miss, you can use Ms, which is for married and single women.
Ending a letter:
1) Yours faithfully
If you do not know the name of the person, end the letter this way.
If you do not know the name of the person, end the letter this way.
2) Yours sincerely
If you know the name of the person, end the letter this way.
If you know the name of the person, end the letter this way.
3) Your signature
Sign your name, then print it underneath the signature. If you think the person you are writing to might not know whether you are male of female, put you title in brackets after your name.
Sign your name, then print it underneath the signature. If you think the person you are writing to might not know whether you are male of female, put you title in brackets after your name.
FORMATS OF WRITING A BUSINESS LETTER
The Formats
Unindented paragraphs. All letter elements
are flush with the left margin.
are flush with the left margin.
- Modified block
Unindented paragraphs. The return address,
reference line, date, complimentary closing, and
signature block are right of center. Remaining
elements are flush with the left margin.
reference line, date, complimentary closing, and
signature block are right of center. Remaining
elements are flush with the left margin.
Indented paragraphs (usually an equivalent of
five spaces). The return address, reference line,
date, complimentary closing, and signature
block are right of center. Remaining elements
are flush with the left margin.
five spaces). The return address, reference line,
date, complimentary closing, and signature
block are right of center. Remaining elements
are flush with the left margin.
All elements of the letter are flush left.
TYPES OF BUSINESS LETTER
3. Letter Changing Information
When a person or company changes important information, such as an address, price, or date, it is necessary to send valued customers a letter with the new information. This letter informs customers of a change in price.
When a person or company changes important information, such as an address, price, or date, it is necessary to send valued customers a letter with the new information. This letter informs customers of a change in price.
4. Resume or CV
A resume (AmE) or CV (BrE) is usually requested by a prospective employer as a record of your qualifications and professional experience. CV stands for the Latin words "curriculum vitae", meaning "the course of one's life".
A resume (AmE) or CV (BrE) is usually requested by a prospective employer as a record of your qualifications and professional experience. CV stands for the Latin words "curriculum vitae", meaning "the course of one's life".
5. Covering Letter for Resume or CV
It is usual to send a covering letter (BrE) or cover letter (AmE) with your resume/CV when applying for a job.
It is usual to send a covering letter (BrE) or cover letter (AmE) with your resume/CV when applying for a job.
6. Letter of Reference
Companies and other organizations often ask for a letter of reference. This is a character reference written by someone such as an ex-employer who knows the subject personally.
Companies and other organizations often ask for a letter of reference. This is a character reference written by someone such as an ex-employer who knows the subject personally.
7. Letter of Resignation
Though it is not necessary to give a reason, it is standard business procedure to send written notice informing your employer that you are planning to quit your job.
Though it is not necessary to give a reason, it is standard business procedure to send written notice informing your employer that you are planning to quit your job.
8. Lay-off Notice
Companies and other organizations are usually required by law to present a written notice to employees informing them of a lay-off. This letter usually cites reasons for the lay-off, and acts as a formal apology. Employee rights may be included.
Companies and other organizations are usually required by law to present a written notice to employees informing them of a lay-off. This letter usually cites reasons for the lay-off, and acts as a formal apology. Employee rights may be included.
9. Letter of Invitation
It is often necessary in business to send an invitation to a person or group requesting their attendance at a special event.
It is often necessary in business to send an invitation to a person or group requesting their attendance at a special event.
10. Letter of Request for Payment
Sometimes it is necessary to remind customers that they owe you money!
Sometimes it is necessary to remind customers that they owe you money!
11. Internal Memo or Memorandum
Memos are sometimes used internally to inform an entire company or department of something. This is an example of a memo referring to a staff Christmas party.
Memos are sometimes used internally to inform an entire company or department of something. This is an example of a memo referring to a staff Christmas party.
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